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Chapter 24. Review Answers
Intro:
Great White Fleet
The purpose of the fleet was to show American strength. The US had recently acquired land as a result of the Spanish American War and were prepared to
become a world power. They were able to move beyond the conflicts of the Civil War.
Questions to answer:
How did the US acquire territory after the civil war?
William H. Seward
1. After the Civil War he forced the French to remove their troops, upon doing so the Mexicans ousted the French puppet leader Maximilian.
2. 1867 Seward's Folly -- he bought Russian Alaska for 2 cents an acre (7.2 million).
3. These two actions caused the French and Russians to lose influence in the continent.
In general, however, the US had an attitude of isolationism during this period. They hoped to develop the vast resources they had already accumulated.
What ideas led Americans to seek further expansion?
1. US excesses led to huge exports (1 billion by the 1890's). This led the US to have interest in the world markets.
2. The frontier began to disappear in the 1890's. Restless Americans could always move to the frontier. Americans began to look abroad to increase
trade and unload excess produce.
3. Captain Mahan 1890 -- "The influence of sea power upon history" He stated that a strong navy was necessary to protect trade routes.
4. Josiah Strong - 1885 -- "Our Country, Its Possible Future and Its present Crisis."
He believed it was necessary to civilize the world (heavy on Darwin).
Why did American leaders revive the Monroe Doctrine?
1. Americans wanted Latin American lands for resources (raw materials), Military outposts, and to possibly build a canal.
2. The US showed a revival of the doctrine when they disputed the French efforts to build a canal and became involved in a border dispute between Venezuela and
British New Guiana.
What is imperialism?
This is when powerful nations create empires by dominating other lands.
In the 1800's this was Great Britain, France, Germany, and Russia.
Reasons:
1. It was a result of the Industrial Revolution and the need for raw materials.
2. Technology provided better access -- steamships, transoceanic cable.
3. Moral duty to civilize a backward people (Rudyard Kipling "White Man's Burden").
How did the press help provoke the Spanish American War?
The press (Pulitzer and Hearst) depicted the Spanish as repressive and branded the generals as ruthless (Valeriano Weyer as "Butcher Weyler").
The press printed stories of Spanish atrocities and played down the brutal deeds of the Rebels. The press also blamed Spain for the explosion of the Maine
on February 15th, 1898.
What major battles took place during the Spanish American War?
The first took place in the Philippines with the defeat of the Spanish fleet on May 1, 1898. July 1st, Santiago and San Juan Hill (Rooseveldt fought
with the Rough Riders).
How did the United States acquire an empire of its own?
In the treaty with Spain the United States acquired Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam.
What is jingoism?
An exaggerated and belligerent national pride. The US seemed this way due to the successes in Samoa Venezuela and Hawaii. Jingoists opted
towards a warlike foreign policy.
What is reconcentration?
General Valeriano Weyler concentrated Cuban villagers into concentration camps to prevent terrorist acts against the government.
What is yellow journalism?
To ignore facts and sell newspapers with flashy headlines and sensational stories. In the late 1800's these stories depicted Spain as the villain.
How did the US treatment of Cuba and the Philippines differ?
Cuba became a protectorate of the US while the Philippines became a colony.
Why did the US adopt the open door policy?
Many of the powerful countries in the 1800's had claimed different areas in China. The US saw this as a threat to their desire to participate in Asian
trade, so they worked to find a way to allow equal access to trade in Asia. Secretary of State John Hay wrote the Open Door Notes which stated: everyone
can trade, only the Chinese can have tariffs, and no harbor or railroad duties.
How did President Roosevelt modify the Monroe Doctrine?
Roosevelt used influence to force Britain, Germany, and Italy to lift their blockade (to collect debts). He created the Roosevelt Corollary, which
allowed the US to use "international police power" in Latin America.
What is a protectorate?
A country that has its independence, but is controlled economically and governmentally by a stronger power. Following the Spanish American War Cuba
became a protectorate of the US.
What does "sphere of influence mean"?
An area in a country where a stronger country is dominant (more that other powerful countries).
Why did Americans want a canal across Panama?
Merchants and Admirals yearned for a canal. A canal would shorten the journey from New York to San Francisco by about 7500 miles. This would
reduce shipping and allow the US avoid the expense of keeping separate navies.
How did the US acquire the right to build such a canal?
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) British and US could work together.
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) US could build it alone.
The US made an offer to Colombians (in control of Panama) and they refused.
A US supported Panamanian revolt allowed Panama to gain independence and the new government allowed the US to purchase the land for 10 million and a yearly
allowance of 250,000.
What problems had to be overcome to complete the Panama Canal?
Disease - malaria (mosquitoes) and bubonic plague (rats).
211 million cubic yards of earth.
How did President Roosevelt mediate a peace settlement between Russia and Japan?
He invited the countries to meet in Portsmouth, New Hampshire and agree on a Japanese victory. The Japanese received port Arthur, the southern half of
the Sakhalin Islands, and control of Korea while the Russians did not have to pay reparations.
Why did tensions increase between the US and Japan?
As a result of the Russo-Japanese War, Japanese immigration increased. This began a wave of anti-Japanese agitation. In San Francisco (1906) the
school board put the 93 Japanese pupils in a separate school. The Japanese government regarded this as an insult.
How did the foreign policy of Taft differ from that of Roosevelt?
Taft opted for dollar diplomacy over the "Big Stick" policy of Roosevelt. He replaced bullets with dollars. Taft encouraged investment
in Asia and Latin America to replace European investors and add economic power to the US in these countries. This did increase distrust in the US by Latin
America.
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